Mechanism for revolving typewriter cylinders



Nov. 2.71, 1928.

G.v V. NEWTON ET AL MECHANISM FORQREVOLVING TYPEWRITER GYLINDERS Filed Jan. 12, 1927 2 Sheets-Sheet Nov. 27, `1928.,

G. V. NEWTON E'r Ax.

MECHANISM FOR REVOLVING TYPEWRITERKCYLINDERS Filed Jan. 12, 1927 v l?? Vmezz lara Er/mfZZ/ddvr/z- Gay. Wien/fafa.

2 Sheets-Sheet 2 wf/rey Patented Nov. 27, 1928.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

GUY v. NEwToN ANiJv ERNEST BLACKBURN, or Los ANGELES, CALIFORNIA; SAID BLACKBURN AssreNoE To SAID NEWTON.

MECHANISMIOR RIEVOL'VING TYPEWBITERA CYLINDER.

Application l'ell January 12, 1927. `Serial Nea-160,603.

This invention has todo generally with typewriters, and is more particularly concerned with devices for rotating typewriter cylinders or platens. l y

The cylinders of usual typewriters are rotated eitherv by manipulation of the cylinder knobs or through actuation of a line-spacing lever, such actuation engagin a dog with a ratchet wheel provided on lt e end of the cylinder. -The character of the line spacing mechanism is such that the angular movement of the cylinder during each actuation of the lever is comparatively small, usually only enough to advance the paper on the cylinder one, two or three lines. In feeding the paper initially into the typewriter, it is. necessary that the cylinder be revolved b twirling the platen knobs, since to bring t e pa er into position to receive the type the cylin er must be revolved to a much greater extent than may be accomplished by several actuations of the spacing lever.

Therefore, it is among the objects of our invention to provide a mechanism whereby a single throw of an o erating lever will revolve the cylinder su ciently to bring the paper into position to receive the type. While this is a feature which is of advantage during ordinary letter writin or envelope addressing, it is of special a vantage in filling in names and addresses on form letters, where the operator must insert= each sheet into the typewriter for the purpose of filling inonly a few lines. In spite ofthe fact that only a few lines are to be typed, the same operation as to insertion and proper linin up ofthe paper is necessary as though a ful letter were to be written', and conse uently an device which speeds up the initia step of a vancing the paper to a position to receive the type greatly increases the capacity and efficiency of a given machine and its operator. The same is true in addressing envelopes, for by a single stroke of the operators hand an envelope is drawn from starting position to the position where it is to receive the type.

In connection with the illin in of form letters. the device is particular y efficient in that it 'is finely adjustable so a single stroke of the operating lever will bring the blank to be filled in to a proper position with re- -spect to the type, and having been-set to y have this given stroke, every subsequent letter inserted will be drawn to the same relative position, perfect -register thus being had with the form portions ofthe letters.

The device is of such a naturethat when occasion arises to dispense with the ra id feed feature, the cylinder may be rotate in the normal manner, either by the spacing lever or end knobs, without interference from the device. Furthermore, the device is of a relatively simple nature and may be made up in such light form that it does not over-weight the carriage to a degree tending objectionabl to resist easy bodily movement thereof.

here are many other features of the invention which may vbe discussed to better advantage in the following detailed description, reference beinO had to the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig. 1 is a fragmentary plan view of the carria e portion of a typewriter to which an embo iment of m invention has been applied; the paper ta le being thrown forwardly out of operative position;

Fig. 2 is a view of Fig. 1, partly in broken away section and as viewed from the position of arrow 2; the paper table being turned back to operative position;

Fig. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary section on line 3 3 of Fig. 2.;Y -v

Fig. 4 is an enlarged section on line 4-4 of Fig. 2;

Fig. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary section on line 5-'5 of Fig. 2,

Fig. 6 is a view of Fig. 2 as viewed from the left thereof;

Fig. 7 is a section. on the irregular line 7--7 of Fig. 6;

Fig. 8 is a fragmentary section on line 8-8 of Fig. 6; f o

Fi 9 is a section on the irregular line 9 9v of Fig. 2 but showing'the mechanism in al1- other position;

Fig. 10 is a section on line 10-10 of Fig. 7

Fig. 11 is an of Fig. 2;

Fig. 12 is a section on line 12-12 of Fig. 2, but showing certainof the4 parts in changed position;

enlar'gedxse'ction on line 11-1'1 Fig. 13 is an enlarged, fragmentary section Y 1 to those skilled in theart, we have represented Y Wheel, though beino' these more or less conventionally. For instance, we have shown a carriage generally indicated at 10 as including a frame 11 on which is journalled at 12 the usual cylinder shaft sections 1-3 carrying usual cylinder or platen 14 and turning knobs 15. The connectionbetween carriage frame 11 and the body frame conventionally indicated at 9, is not shown here since it is of no importance to the present invention, and may be' of any well known, usual type.

Journaled on shaft 13 at one end o f the cylinder is a ratchet wheel 16, the shaft section including a spindle 13 being movable longitudinally-through both cyllnder and held constantly in driving'relation with the cylinder in the usual manner. When the s indle and its knob 15 are in the osition of ig. 1, however, cylinder 14 lan wheel 16 are drivingly engaged b the clutch conventionally illustrated at 171, while, when said shaft 1s moved to the left, as viewed in Fig. 2, the wheel is unclutched from the cylinder in the usual manner. Thus cylinder 14 may be revolved by knob 15, whether or not the cylinder is drivingly engaged with` wheel 16. When thc Wheel and cylinder are engaged, the cylinder is adapted to be revolved in a step by step t manner by means of a pawl (not shown) which is given ratchet engagement with said wheel by manipulation of a usual spacing vlever (not shown) In order to prevent overrunning of the cylinder as revolved under i influence ofthe aforementioned s acing lever,

and to insure that the cylinder e not -accidentally revolved from the position to which it/is put, there is provided a brake roller 18 v-(Figs. 1 'and 14) supported by a spring' arm`19 which extends from frame 11. Roller 18 is of a size to be nicely taken between the teeth 20 of wheel 16. l

Su ported from frame 11 in the usual manner not shown, since the suspension, means may be of any usual type and is not important to this invention) are the paper feed rollers 21, said rollers being supported. on common shaft 22 and, with cylinder 14, Adetermining the point of initial effective aplication of `the paper to the typewriter.

. ollers 21 are spaced apart along shaft 22, and since they are in line with l`each other and in axial parallelism with the cylinder, theyact as an initial end stop for paper which may be introduced to them, lining up this edge of the paper (which is to be the top edge of the finished sheetor envelope) in parallelism with the cylinder axis. As stops ada ted to determinel the initial Vposition ..-of ,t e leading edge of the paper, the rollsenter into combination' with the means for moving the paper vthrough a predetermined mechanism. to establish the predetermined.

point on .the paper which is to line up with the type of the machine.

An inclined paper table 23 is supported from the frame 11 by any suitable means, for instance, through the medium of arms 24 pivotally mounted on frame rod 25. These arms have pivotal connection at 26 with angular lugs 27 on a slide bar 28, the rear face off table 23 being held in sliding engagement with the bar by the upturned edge portions 29 of said table (Fig. 3). At either side of upturned portions 29,' the table is. turned back and upwardly at 30 and pressed closely to lthe table, proper, as in Fig. 4, to provide tracks havin bearing edges 31 to receive the lower edge o bar 28.

Edges 31 and vthe opposing edges 32 A,of blocks 33, spaced above edges 31, prevent relative transverse movement of the table and slide `bar. Blocks 33 are held between the table, proper, and portions by bolts 34, and it will be evident-.that table 23 may be shifted longitudinally to lthe right to any point between'that shown in Fig. 1 an a position where side edge `of the right-hand portion 29 engages the inner face of the right hand arm 24". A clamping screw 36 extends through table 23 and one portion 29 whereby that portion may -be drawn into clampin engagement with bar 28 to hold the tab e in y 21 is the usual, arcuate guide 40, the table,

rollers and guides thus beln adapted to pass paper from therear to the ont of -cylinder 14 in the usual manner.

The left-hand edge of table 23 is preferably turned over as at 41 (Fig. 5) to provide a side guide 42. The vertical extent of the side guide is such that paperis-readily lined up therewith, and said guide is so positioned with respect to rollers21 that when a paper is moved into side-'edge engagement with guides 42 and in leading-edge engagement with rollers 21, it is assured that subsequent rotalill tion of the cylinder will draw the paper squarely through the machine so the type lines will be parallel to the upper and lower edges of the paper. Y

The turned over side edge 42 may be cut out as at 43 in order to lighten the table and also to give access to the side of the paper between two guide points 42,a and 42b so said paper may be drawn over into full engage ment with said guide points, though, ordiengages said narily, this operation is not necessary since a skilled operator will insert the paper with one move in such a manner that it properly ide points as well as rollers 21.

It is helpfu to provide means for taking or carrying gage marks on table 23, so the op- Y erator, by referring to the relative position of a gage marking and the following edge of the paper may note whether or not the paper feeding device is advancing the paper to a predetermined position. This is especially helpful when the device is being reset to a given stroke after a period of use at other than the given stroke. Considerin -the invention in its broader aspects, suc 1 gage markings may be permanently stamped or aihxed to the forward face of table 23 as at 44, though a more convenient provision is the paper strip threaded through the vertically spaced tableslits 46, this provision allowing a proper support for the strip 45 u on which gage marks 44a ma be marked with pencil or pen, unmarke portions of the paper being readily exposed, when a new gage setting is to be made, merely by slipping the paper through slits 46.

The improved cylinder revolving device is indicated generally at 47, and includes a supportingorpember 48 which is preferablyadapt-v ed to detachably secured to., frame 11. However, it will be understood that bodily detachment of the device is not essential to the invention, considered in its broader aspects, and that therefore, the frame 11, itself, may be considered as the supporting member.

A This broad characterization of the supporting member is contemplated in the appended claims, except in those which d nitely specify the supporting member as being an element bodily detachable from the carriage frame.

Where the supporting member is made separately from the carriage frame, the means for applying it to said frame depends almost wholl upon 4the characterof the particular machine to which ap lication is made. In other words, when t e typewriter is of a given make, the attachment means may have certain characteristics which may haveto be altered considerably before the supporting member may be applied effectively to typewriters of a different make. Therefore, while we have shown attachment means which are particularly effective for applying the device to a certain make of typewriter, this specific showing is not to be considered as in an way limitative on the invention as regar s the connective elements between carriage frames and supporting members. In the illustrated embodiment, supporting member 48 (Fig. 12) has an arcuate portion 49, a central hub portion 50, and a radially extending arm or bracket portion 51. Arm 5l and a second, angularly spaced arm 52, join the arcuate portion 49 and hub portion 50. The supporting member also has a radially exten ing arm 53 which has a trans- .versely bent forked end 54 (Fig. 8) adapted to hook over bar 55 of carriage frame 11. l Attachment between frame 11 and member 48 is completed by a transversely bent arm 56 which extends from member 48 (Fig. l), and is terminally and detachablyY secured by screw 57 to the end of frame-rod 25. Hub portion 50 supports a stationary stub shaft or stud 58 which is concentric with arcuate portion 49, while cylinder shaft 13 cxtends, with bearing., through arm 51 in axial parallelism with stud 58. Beyond the outer ace of arm 51, shaft 13 (Fig. 10) carries a pinion 59 which is in mesh with relatively large gear 60, the latter being carried for free axial rotation on stud 58. Gear 60, which may be termed a driving member, has a relatively large diameter hub portion 61, and a relatively small diameter hub extension 62, a collar 63 being held to the shaft by set screw 64 (Fig. 6) to hold the gear from moving longitudinally along the shaft.

We have here shown gear serving the dual function of a drum adapted to be en gaged frictionally by a driving or grip ing shoe, and for imparting the movement o the driving shoe, with speed advantage, to pinion 59. In other words, the teeth of the gear are adapted to engage the pinion drivingly, and alllso to receive the bearing/ face of a driving. s oe. it will be readil understood that it lies within the scope o our linvention to utilize the gear teeth only asa means for driving the inion and to utilize a separate peripheral ace operatively connected to the gear for receivingV the driving shoe.

Driving or gripping shoe 65, having an arcuate gri ping face 66 which is substantially comp ementary to the peripheral face of gear 60, is held in vertical alinement with the gear by a shoe-supporting arm 67, the shoe preferably beingdetachably connected to the transverse extension 68 of said arm by screw 69 (Fig. 7) in order that the shoe may be readily replaced when it becomes unduly worn. The shoe may bemade of any suitable material, preferably being of softer material than is gear 60. For instance, when gear 60 is made ofbronze, shoe 65 may bev made of any softer alloy such as nickel-babbitt, and if the gear is made of steel, the shoe may be made of annealed copper.

Shoe and arm 67 are adapted to be moved longitudinally, or substantially radially with res ect to shaft 58, to bring said 'shoe into an outof gripping or operative 'ly through a gear-driving or work and idlingA stroke. This circumferential movement of the arm is accomplished through actuation of While this is a feature of advantage,

a carrying member 70 on which said arm is mounted 1n a manner to have the described limited longitudinal or radial movement, while it is. held against transverse displacement with respectto the carriermember by the means now to be described. Carrier member 70 includes a hub portion 71 which is mounted for rotation on gear hub 62 and held against endwise displacement with res ct to thev gear by hub shoulder 72 and co ar 63. Extending radially from hub or sleeve 71 is arm 73, screw 74* securing a substantially rectangular frame ortion 75 to the upper end of the arm, said rame defining a transversely extending slot 76 (Fig. 11). Shoe arm 67 is held between arm 73 and gear 60, said shoe arm and arm 73 being in sliding, facial engagement, though the upper end of the shoe arm is held between transverse shoulder 74 and a frame-carried stud 77 to prevent its transverse displacement with respect to the for oscillation with respect to carrier 70 by j means of a stud 82 which has bearing in carrier arm 73 (Fi 7), and a stud 83 projects from the inner ace of shank 80 in eccentric relation with stud' 82 and into .a clearance aperture 84 provided in shoe arm 67. Pin or stud 83, which may be considered a cam, is so disposed that, with carrier 70 held relatively stationary, swinging movement of lever 79 to the right, as viewed in Fig. 6,

vmoves the stud downwardly into bearing en- A angularv movement of said gagement with the lower dening wall of a erture 84 and thus moves arm 67 substantlally radially inward in a manner to engage shoe operatively or rictionally with gear 60. However, a. spring 85 is applied tocarrier and lever 79 at- 86 and 87, respectively in a manner normally and yieldingly to hold lever 79 against this right-hand movement and 'in the position of Fig. 11, in which position arm 67 is held-upwardly by pin 83 in a manner to provide clearance between shoe 65 and'gear 60. In other words, spring 85 is adapted yieldingly to hold shoe 65 in inopera- 'tive'positiom It will be seen that due to the ratio between gear 60' and pinion 59, comparative slight gear througlh actuation of lever 70, after the driving s oe has been engaged -with said gear, imparts very considerable angularmovement to the cylinder shaft and cylinder. The extent of angular movement of the carrier member and within the scope of our invention, consideredI in lits broader aspects, to utilize other forms of stops or to combine one of the stops here shown with stops-of a nature other than that here shown.

As ameans for limiting the clockwise movement of the carrier member, as viewed in Figs. 6 and 9, we lhave here employed a stop wheel 88 fast onshaft 13, Aanda coacting lug 89 on carrier frame 7 5. Considered broadly, wheel 88 may be thought of merely as a shoulder carried by frame 11 in fixe-d effective position, it being evident that when carrier 70 is drawn down to the position of ,Fig 9, lug 89 contacts with the peripheral face or shoulder of the wheel to prevent further clockwise. rotation` of the carrier member and its associated elements. As an additional feature, though this is not essential to the invention, We provide wheel 88 with peripheral teeth 90 facing inA a direction opposite the teeth of ratchet 16 and of an equal number therewith. The effective edge 91 of lug 89 is of a shape to enter between the wheel teeth when carrier 70 is at the end of its stroke. The purpose of this lug and tooth en- Iqfagement will be made apparent later.

The sto determining the other end of the stroke is esignated generally at 92, and may be considered as a shoulder which is movable, preferably through an arcuate path, to vary the angular extent between it and stop 88, thereby to vary the angular extent or stroke of carrier 70. A preferred, though not a limiting, form of adjustable stop is shown in detail in Fig. 13. A yoke 93 straddles arcuate portion 49 of supporting member 4 8, a pinion 94 being confined between the oke arms and being mounted on a shaft 95 journaled in said arms. The pinion is held in mesh with the teeth 96 provided on the peripheral face of arcuate portion 49, said arcuate portion being concentric with gear 60.

.The free arm extremities .93 of yoke 93 extend below arcuate portion 49 and are adapted to be releasably clamped thereto by clamping screws 97 the operation of which will be readily understood. Shaft 95 carries an operating knob 98, rotation of said knob causing movement of yoke 93 along the arcuate portion of the supporting member when the clam ingscrews are loosened, said screws being ta :en up when a predetermined position of adjustment has been reached.

' Yoke 93 has a transversely extending lug 99 presenting astop shoulder 100 in the path ofcarriermember 70, the transverse extension 101 (Figs. 10'and 11) of carrier frame 75 being adapted to engage shoulder 100 to limit the counterclockwise movement of said carrier, as viewed in Figs. 6 and 9.

Secured to lug 99 is a U-shaped retention Yspring or yieldable latch 102, this spring having a downwardly bent hook or shoulder por- 4 hold the carrier member yieldably in the porier extension 101 beneath hook 103 at the sition o'l Fig. 6, and the spring is of greater effective strength than is spring 85 so handle lever 79 may be swung in a. clockwise direction (Fig. 6) from full to dotted line position against the action of spring 85 without frecing the carrier member from the latching tendencies of spring 102.

Applied to carrier member and collar 63 at 104 and 105, respectively, is a spiral spring 106, this spring resisting clockwise movement of the carrier member (as viewed in Fig. 6) and being of a strength to return the carrier from the position of Fig. 9 to that of Fig. 6, when the operating lever is released from the hand, and te engage carend of such counterclockwise movement.

Assuming now that the paper to be written upon (not shown) is entered between cylinder 14 and feed rolls 21 as previously described, the operator then grasps handle 81 and swings lever 7 9 in a clockwise direction, as viewed in Fig. 6. The first effective movement is to swing the operating lever with respect to the carrierrmember 70, said carrier member being initiallyheld against swinging movement by spring 102. Consequently, cam 83 acts against shoe arm 67 in a manner to engage shoe 65 operatively with gear 60, that is, it is drawn into frictional contact with t-he peripheral faces of the gear teeth. As soon as radial or longitudinal movement of the shoe arm is checked, continued clockwise movement of the operating lever moves the carrier from beneath spring 102 and the carrier with the shoe is thus rotated in a clockwise direction. Due to the frictional engagement between the shoe and gear 60,

said gear is rotated in the same direction and causes a consequent rotation of pinion 59 and cylinder 14 in the opposite. or paperfeeding direction. Since the ratio of gear 60 and pinion 59 may be four to one, more or less (of course, this ratio may be varied Within reasonable limits to meet various situations) comparatively slight angular movement of the lever is sulcientto rotate the cylinder enough to bring the leading edge of .the paper clear beneath the kcylinder and suiciently beyond the effective platen surface thereof to present to the type a portion of said paper which is spaced considerably from said leading edge. This cylinder movement is equivalent in angular extent to-that which could be accomplished by the usual line-spacing mechanism only after repeatedl ratchetingr movements thereof, or by several turns of the cylinder knobs.

Ordinarily, of course, the operating leverl l is swung until lug 89 engages a stop wheel8r8,

but the following movements would also occur in the event the operator .releases the lever before such engagement takes place. As soon as down-bearing pressure on the operating lever is relieved, spring 85 immediately comes into play to swing said lever in a counterclockwise direction (as viewed in Fig. 9) with relation to carrier 70. By virtue of this rotation, the eccentric cam 83 moves'arm 67 radially outward and carries shoe 65 clear from or out of operative engagement with gear 60. Thereupon, spring 106 rotates the carrier back to the position ofFig. 6, extension 101 being snapped beneath spring hook 103 and into engagement with shoulder 100, the device then being in condition fon subsequent operation.

It will be noted that except' when the carrier member is held against circumferential movement the operating lever cannot be swung with respect to said member in a manner to engage the shoe with the gear. Consequently, the operator once having relieved t-he down-bearmg pressure on handle 81 at the completion of the work stroke, cannot again engage the shoe with the gear at an point between its stroke limits, assuring fu l work strokes.

It may be noted at this point, that the application of the device above described in no way interferes with the normal operation of the line spacing mechanism nor with the rotation of the cylinder by movement of knobs 15. This is for the reason that rotation of said cylinder b the usual means merely causes rotation o gear 60 through the medium of pinion 59, said gear revolving freely or idly upon shaft 58.

The coaction of lug 89 with stop wheel 88 brings about a condition which is particularly desirable. This is true whether or not the stop wheel be of the toothed t pe shown, in fact it is of particular merit w en the wheel does not have the toothed characteristics to be described later. This condition arises from the fact that when the stop lug engages the stop wheel, the carrier member is held against further clockwise circumferential movement and consequently the down-bearing force applied to lever 79 acts through cam 8'3 to engage the ipping shoe more forcibly with gear 60. onsequently, the tendency of the cylinder to over-run, by virtue of its .acquired momentum, is checked, this checking being advantageous both for the reason that it insures proper lining up of the paper with the type and for the reason that 1t revents undue wear on the shoe or gear teet which ways so adjusted that such entry of the lug i with the teeth of wheel 88 is assured, and consequently-at the end of each stroke it is assured that roller 18 enters between the teeth of ratchet 16. Thus, lug 89 meets a cam tooth of'wheel 88which is revolving in a direction opposite to that of the rotation of the lug about shaft 58 and hence ofthe handle about said shaft, positively to limit the extent of the work stroke and to prevent over-run of the cylinder, and, due to the full entry of roller 18 between the teeth of ratchet 16, as

soon as the shoe is relieved from gear 60, said roller is in proper brakin engagement with the ratchet wheel. In ot er words, it is assured that at the end of the work stroke the roller is properly engaged with the ratchet rather than riding the teeth thereof in such a manner that slight jar of the typewriter might subsequently shift the cylinder to carry it out of predetermined position.

It will be understood the drawings and description are to be considered merely as illustratlve of and not restrictive on the broader claims appended hereto, for various changes in design, structure and arrangement may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of said claims.

We claim: I 1. In a device of the character descrlbed,

i a rotatable driving member, a carrier mounted Afor rotation -wlth respect to said driving member, a driving shoe carried by the carrier and mounted thereon. for movement into and out of loperative engagement w1th the drlving member and normally out of such operative engagement, an operating lever movably mounted on the carriermember and movable with-res ect to the shoe, and an o erative connection betweenfthe lever and s oe whereby the shoe is moved into and out of such opera.

tive vengagement by virtue 'of lever-movement.

2. In a device of the `character described, a rotatable drivin member, a carrier mounted for rotation wlth respect to said driving member, a driving shoe carried bythe carrier and mounted thereon for movement into and out of operative engagement with the driving member, an operating lever movably mounted on the carrier member, an operative connection between the lever and shoe whereby the shoe is moved into and out of such op- /erative engagement b virtue of lever movement, and means yieldingly holding said shoe out of suchoperative engagement.

. 3. In a device of the character described,

a su porting member, a driving member rotata ly mounted on the supporting member, a carrier mounted for selective rotation with and with respect to the driving member, a driving shoe mounted on the carrier for movement with respect thereto into and out of operative lengagement with the drivin member, and a spring catch movably mounte on the supporting member and adapted normally and yieldingly to hold the carrier from ilgotation with respect to the -supporting mem- 4. .In a device of the character described, a supportin member, a cylinder mounted for rotation wit respect to said member, a driving member rotatably mounted on the supporting member and drivingly connected to the cylinder, means for rotating the drivin member, a stop member adapted to be rotate by the cylinder, and a stop member associated with said rotating means, said stop members being adapted to engage one another after said rotating means has been given predetermined actuation and thereby to check rotation of the cylinder.

5. In a device of the character described, a supporting member, a cylinder mounted for rotation with respect to said member, a driving member rotatably mounted on the fsupporting member, gears drivingly connecting the drivin member and cylinder, means for rotating t means including an oscillatory member, the gears being arranged soswinging movement of said `oscillatory member in one direction rotates the cylinder in the o posite direction, atoothed wheel-adapted to be rotated by and in the same direction as the cylinder, and a stop on said oscillatory member adapted-to engage the teeth-of the wheel after said oscillatory member has been swung afpredetermined distance in said one direction.

In`witness that we claim 'the foregoing we have hereunto subscribed our names this 7th day of January, 1927. 'l

` GUY v. NEWTON. y ERNEST BLACKBURN.

e driving member, said rotating :100 

